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diff --git a/src/nwc-pouch.js b/src/nwc-pouch.js
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+// The NWC "pouch": a small, bounded spending capability that a service
+// worker can use while the wallet itself stays out of reach.
+//
+// WHY THIS EXISTS
+// hal keeps the seed in localStorage, which service workers cannot read — by
+// design, and we are not changing that. But answering a wallet-connect
+// request while the app is closed means signing in a service worker. So
+// instead of exposing the wallet, we carve off a deliberately small pouch:
+//
+//   * its own key branch (account chain 6), never used for ordinary coins
+//   * only the pouch's PRIVATE KEYS and vtxo bytes go into IndexedDB, which
+//     the service worker can read — never the seed, never chain 3
+//   * it holds only what the user puts in it
+//
+// THREAT MODEL, stated plainly. Anything with same-origin script access, or
+// a stolen unlocked device, can read IndexedDB and therefore spend the pouch.
+// That is the accepted cost of answering while closed. It is bounded: the
+// pouch is the blast radius, the rest of the wallet is not reachable from it.
+// A user who does not enable background NWC has no pouch and loses nothing.
+//
+// This module owns the storage and key derivation only. Funding it is an
+// ordinary arkoor send from the main wallet (see the ark feature); spending
+// from it lives in the service worker (step 3).
+
+import { hex } from '@scure/base';
+import { secp256k1 } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1';
+
+const DB = 'hal-nwc-pouch';
+const STORE = 'pouch';
+const VERSION = 1;
+
+// Chain 6 is the pouch. Chains 0-2 are hal's on-chain use, 3 ark vtxo keys,
+// 4 the ark mailbox, 5 lightning-receive preimages — 6 must stay distinct so
+// a leaked pouch key can never sign for an ordinary coin.
+export const POUCH_CHAIN = 6;
+
+export function pouchKey(account, index) {
+  const node = account.deriveChild(POUCH_CHAIN).deriveChild(index);
+  return { privkey: node.privateKey, pubkey: secp256k1.getPublicKey(node.privateKey, true) };
+}
+
+function openDb() {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    if (typeof indexedDB === 'undefined') return reject(new Error('IndexedDB unavailable'));
+    const req = indexedDB.open(DB, VERSION);
+    req.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+      const db = req.result;
+      if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE)) db.createObjectStore(STORE);
+    };
+    req.onsuccess = () => resolve(req.result);
+    req.onerror = () => reject(req.error);
+  });
+}
+
+async function tx(mode, fn) {
+  const db = await openDb();
+  try {
+    return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const t = db.transaction(STORE, mode);
+      const s = t.objectStore(STORE);
+      let out;
+      Promise.resolve(fn(s)).then((v) => { out = v; }).catch(reject);
+      t.oncomplete = () => resolve(out);
+      t.onerror = () => reject(t.error);
+      t.onabort = () => reject(t.error);
+    });
+  } finally { db.close(); }
+}
+const get = (s, k) => new Promise((res, rej) => { const r = s.get(k); r.onsuccess = () => res(r.result); r.onerror = () => rej(r.error); });
+
+// One record per wallet, keyed by the wallet's cache key so several wallets
+// on one device keep separate pouches.
+export async function loadPouch(walletKey) {
+  try { return (await tx('readonly', (s) => get(s, walletKey))) || null; } catch { return null; }
+}
+export async function savePouch(walletKey, pouch) {
+  return tx('readwrite', (s) => { s.put(pouch, walletKey); });
+}
+export async function clearPouch(walletKey) {
+  return tx('readwrite', (s) => { s.delete(walletKey); });
+}
+
+// Everything the service worker needs to spend, and nothing more: the ASP
+// endpoints, the pouch vtxos with their bytes, and the private keys for
+// exactly those vtxos.
+export function buildPouch({ arkUrl, esploraUrl, network, serverPubkey, vtxos, account, connections }) {
+  const keys = {};
+  for (const v of vtxos) {
+    const k = pouchKey(account, v.keyIndex);
+    keys[String(v.keyIndex)] = hex.encode(k.privkey);
+  }
+  return {
+    v: 1,
+    updated: Date.now(),
+    ark: { arkUrl, esploraUrl, network, serverPubkey },
+    // [{ id, bytes, keyIndex, amountSat, expiryHeight }]
+    vtxos: vtxos.map((v) => ({
+      id: v.id, bytes: v.bytes, keyIndex: v.keyIndex,
+      amountSat: v.amountSat, expiryHeight: v.expiryHeight,
+    })),
+    keys,
+    // service keys for the connections the SW may answer for, so it can
+    // decrypt requests and sign replies without the wallet
+    connections: (connections || []).map((c) => ({
+      id: c.id, servicePk: c.servicePk, serviceSk: c.serviceSk, clientPk: c.clientPk,
+      maxSat: c.maxSat, dailySat: c.dailySat,
+    })),
+  };
+}
+
+export const pouchBalance = (pouch) =>
+  (pouch?.vtxos || []).reduce((n, v) => n + (v.amountSat || 0), 0);
+
+// The service worker records what it spent so the app can reconcile and the
+// daily budget survives a restart.
+export async function notePouchSpend(walletKey, { connId, amountSat, paymentHash, preimage }) {
+  const p = await loadPouch(walletKey);
+  if (!p) return null;
+  p.spends = p.spends || [];
+  p.spends.push({ connId, amountSat, paymentHash, preimage, ts: Date.now() });
+  if (p.spends.length > 200) p.spends = p.spends.slice(-200);
+  await savePouch(walletKey, p);
+  return p;
+}